Re: verticle sync
V-sync forces the card to wait until a frame is finished displaying before beginning to update it with the next frame. This insures smooth animation without the jittering and tearing that IBM-compatibles have always been prone to.
Other computers like the Mac, Amiga, and even Commodore 64 have always included hardware to determine where the electron beam is on the screen at any given instant, so software could determine when it was safe to update part or all of the screen. But IBMs did not, so video card makers built it into their own hardware.
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